Italicize the titles of things that can stand by themselves. When italic type is not available (for example, in a typewriter or handwritten manuscript), underline to indicate italics if the manuscript is later set in type, the typesetter will use italics for underlined words.ġ. Italicize punctuation marks immediately following italicized words. Use italics for emphasis, for unfamiliar foreign words and phrases, and for technical terms followed by definitions.
For more detail, please check with the style book appropriate to your discipline or profession. There are a vast number of individual rules which come under these categories. They can also be used to indicate dialogue and other quoted material when italics would be onerous to read. Quotation marks can be reserved for short works such as articles in periodicals, book chapters, short poems and songs, and other shorter items. Instead, employ italics as they were originally meant to be used. These days, underscore often means that a word is ‘hot’ on the computer, and with so much electronic transmission, I would advise against its use for other meanings than that. Minow and LaMay, Presidential Debates, 24-25.General Logic: Underscore was originally used on typewriters because it was impossible to use italics given that there was only one set of keys. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100.ģ. LaMay, Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past and Promising Future (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 24-25.Ģ.
Shortened version of title (use matching stylization rule from full citation, be it italicized or in quotation marks).Author's lastname (include first initial if multiple authors with same last name).If you cite the same source consecutively multiple times, remember to use " Ibid". Short form information should include the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title (if longer than four words), and any other directing information, such as page numbers. However, to reduce the overall bulk of publications which use footnotes or endnotes, subsequent usage of that source only requires you to use a shortened version of that citation. The first time a source is cited in your paper, the corresponding note should include all relevant source information.
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